volcano during eruption
Eruption of magmatic matter (molten rock, ash, gas) from the upper mantle; it can last several years.
ash layer
Ash and lava form the layers that shape the volcano over time.
geyser
Hot water spring that ejects sporadic jets of water and vapor.
lava flow
Lava mass pouring from a volcano at average speeds of 980 feet per hour; it can reach temperatures as high as 2,200°F.
fumarole
Regular emission of gas from a fissure on the Earth’s surface.
sill
Layer of magma that has solidified between the layers of the Earth’s crust; it is about 30 feet thick and several miles long.
dike
Mass of magma that enters the Earth’s crust and then solidifies in the form of bladelike shafts that are vertical or oblique to the layers of the Earth.
magma
Molten rock and gas under very high pressure that can reach extremely high temperatures.
magma chamber
Pocket where magma accumulates before rising to the surface.
Mass of magma that enters the Earth’s crust and then solidifies, causing a deformation on the Earth’s surface.
lava layer
Layer of volcanic rock formed by cooled lava.
side vent
Small rise that appears on the side of the volcano and is fed by the main vent.
main vent
Conduit along which lava and other volcanic ejecta rise.
volcanic bomb
Mass of magma ejected high into the air where it solidifies; it can be very large.
cloud of volcanic ash
Ash is formed of particles less than 0.08 in in diameter; it is composed of pulverized magma and ground rock.
crater
Depression whose center features a chimney through which lava, gas and volcanic ejecta escape.
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